Could your medication be causing memory loss? For many older adults or adults with chronic medical conditions, irreversible confusion and memory loss is a constant worry. Fortunately, scientists now know that age or a degenerative illness is not always be the culprit. If you are alarmed by forgetfulness in yourself or a loved one, the reason may be stored in your bathroom cabinet.
Any of the following drugs can affect normal cognitive function, contributing to mental confusion, forgetfulness and memory loss:
1. Cholesterol-lowering drugs (Statins)
Common cholesterol-lowering drugs include: Atorvastatin (Lipitor), rosuvastatin (Crestor), simvastatin (Zocor), lovastatin (Mevacor), pravastatin (Pravachol) and fluvastatin (Lescol).
Cholesterol-lowering drugs may be prescribed as part of treatment plan for high cholesterol. Cholesterol plays an important role in the human brain, forming connections between nerve cells such as those necessary for memory and learning. Drugs that lower levels of cholesterol in the blood may also deplete levels of cholesterol in the brain, causing memory loss and mental confusion.
2. Hypertension drugs (Beta-blockers)
Common hypertension drugs include: Metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol), propranolol (Inderal), sotalol (Betapace), timolol (Timoptic), atenolol (Tenormin) and carvedilol (Coreg).
Hypertension drugs may be prescribed as part of a treatment plan for high blood pressure, congestive heart failure, chest pain (angina), migraines, tremors and certain types of glaucoma. Beta blockers slow down the heart rate and lower blood pressure. They are believed to impede memory by blocking key chemical messengers in the brain, such as norepinephrine and epinephrine.
3. Antidepressant drugs (Tricyclic antidepressants)
Common antidepressants include: Clomipramine (Anafranil), imipramine (Tofranil), mitriptyline (Elavil), trimipramine (Surmontil), protriptyline (Vivactil), desipramine (Norpramin), doxepin (Sinequan) and nortriptyline (Pamelor).
Antidepressants may be prescribed as part of a treatment plan for depression. They may also be prescribed as part of a treatment plan for other conditions that affect mood, including anxiety disorders, eating disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, chronic pain, smoking cessation and some hormone-related disorders. Tricyclic antidepressants are believed to block the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine, which also suppresses memory.
4. Anti-seizure drugs (anticonvulsants)
Common anti-seizure drugs include: Gabapentin (Neurontin), pregabalin (Lyrica), topiramate (Topamax), acetazolamide (Diamox), levetiracetam (Keppra), carbamazepine (Tegretol), ezogabine (Potiga), lamotrigine (Lamictal), oxcarbazepine (Trileptal), rufinamide (Banzel), valproic acid (Depakote) and zonisamide (Zonegran).
These drugs may be prescribed as part of a treatment plan for seizures, nerve pain, mood disorders, bipolar disorder and mania. Anti-seizure medications limit seizures by depressing the flow of signals through the central nervous system, which also affects memory.
5. Anti-anxiety drugs (Benzodiazepines)
Common anti-anxiety drugs include: Alprazolam (Xanax), diazepam (Valium), lorazepam (Ativan), chlordiazepoxide (Librium), clonazepam (Klonopin), flurazepam (Dalmane), midazolam (Versed), quazepam (Doral), temazepam (Restoril) and triazolam (Halcion).
Benzodiazepines are often prescribed as part of a treatment plan for anxiety disorders, agitation, delirium, and to prevent muscle spasms or seizures. They dampen activity in certain parts of the brain, including areas that involve the transfer of memories from short-term to long-term, resulting in an amnesic effect. Benzodiazepines also have a sedative effect, and they may be prescribed to treat severe insomnia, anxiety that results from depression, and as part of an anesthesia cocktail.
Benzodiazapines drugs build up more quickly in older adults than in younger adults, and they take longer to flush out of their system. This puts older adults at higher risk for side effects such as memory loss, delirium, falls, fractures and accidents. Sudden withdrawal can trigger very serious side effects, including severe sleep disturbance, aggravated anxiety and panic attacks, hand tremor, sweating, irritability and confusion, memory problems, dry retching and nausea, weight loss, heart palpitations, headache, muscle pain and stiffness, hallucinations, seizures, psychosis and suicide. It is extremely important to consult with a health professional before reducing or stopping any benzodiazepine prescription.
6. Sleep aids (Nonbenzodiazepine sedative-hypnotics)
Common sleep aids include: zolpidem (Ambien), Eszopiclone (Lunesta) and zaleplon (Sonata).
Sleep aids may be prescribed as part of a treatment plan for insomnia, sleep-related issues and mild anxiety. Sleep aids affect the body in a similar way to benzodiazapines, with a sedative effect that also dampens activity in parts of the brain that involve the transfer of memories from short-term to long-term. They can cause amnesia, and for some they may occasionally trigger dangerous or unusual behaviors. Sleep aids can be addictive, and sudden cessation can cause serious side effects and withdrawal symptoms. It is important to consult with a health professional before reducing or stopping sleep aids.
7. Narcotic painkillers (opioid analgesics)
Common narcotic painkillers include: hydrocodone (Norco, Vicodin), oxycodone (OxyContin, Percocet), Fentanyl (Duragesic), hydromorphone (Dilaudid, Exalgo), and morphine (Astramorph, Avinza).
Narcotic painkillers are prescribed to relieve moderate to severe pain, such as post-surgery pain, severe nerve pain, and pain caused by chronic conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. Opioid analgesics work in two ways: 1) by stopping the flow of pain signals in the central nervous system, and 2) by dulling the body’s emotional reaction to pain. The chemical messengers that are involved in long and short-term memory are also affected by narcotic painkillers, and memory loss may become a problem with extended use.
8. Parkinson’s drugs (Dopamine agonists)
Common Parkinson’s drugs include: Ropinirole (Requip), pramipexole (Mirapex) and apomorphine (Apokyn).
These drugs are prescribed as part of a treatment plan for Parkinson’s disease, restless legs syndrome (RLS) and some pituitary tumors. Parkinson’s drugs affect the neurotransmitter dopamine, a chemical messenger that plays a role in learning and memory, motivation, pleasure and fine motor control. Major side effects can include memory loss, confusion, hallucinations, drowsiness and compulsive behaviors.
9. Antihistamines
Common antihistamines include: diphenhydramine (Benadryl), clemastine (Tavist), Brompheniramine (Dimetane), hydroxyzine (Vistaril), carbinoxamine (Clistin) and chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton). *Loratadine (Claritin) and cetirizine (Zyrtec) are also common antihistamines, however they do not have the same impact on memory and cognitive function.
Antihistamines are used as part of a treatment plan to help relieve and/or prevent cold or allergy symptoms. Antihistamines may also be prescribed to treat or prevent motion sickness, nausea, dizziness, vomiting and insomnia. Both prescription and over-the-counter antihistamines inhibit the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, a chemical messenger that helps to control a wide range of bodily functions. Antihistamines can suppress activity in the memory and learning areas of the brain, leading to forgetfulness and memory loss.
10. Incontinence drugs (Anticholinergics)
Common incontinence drugs include: Oxybutynin (Ditropan XL, Gelnique, Oxytrol), tolterodine (Detrol), Darifenacin (Enablex), solifenacin (Vesicare) and trospium (Sanctura).
Incontinence drugs may be prescribed as part of a treatment plan for overactive bladder or urge incontinence. Anticholergenics help reduce episodes of urge incontinence: a sudden, intense urge to urinate quickly followed by the involuntary loss of urine. These drugs block the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that plays a role in either inhibiting or exciting various bodily functions – such as activating muscles or lowering heart rate. Anticholinergics help prevent involuntary contractions of the bladder muscles that control urine flow. They also suppress activity in the memory and learning areas of the brain, resulting in memory loss over time.
In addition to incontinence drugs, a variety of over-the-counter incontinence products can play an important role in the treatment plan. Adult protective underwear or diapers, pads or panty liners can help individuals to manage their symptoms with dignity. These products can be worn comfortably and discreetly under normal clothing, providing security and peace of mind by eliminating the risk of embarrassing accidents.
For more information about products to help manage incontinence, visit TotalHomeCareSupplies.com, or try the Total Home Care Supplies Bladder Matters blog.
